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Maternal and fetal genetic contribution to gestational weight gain

By Nicole M. Warrington, Rebecca Richmond, Bjarke Fenstra, Ronny Myhre, Romy Gaillard, Lavinia Paternoster, Carol A Wang, Robin Beaumont, Shikta Das, Mario Murcia, Sheila J. Barton, Ana Espinosa, Elisabeth Theiring, Mustafa Atalay, Niina Pitkänen, Ioanna Ntalla, Anna E Jonsson, Rachel Freathy, Ville Karhunen, Carla MT Tiesler, Catherine Allard, Andrew Crawford, Susan M. Ring, Mads Melbye, Per Magnus, Fernando Rivadeneira, Line Skotte, Torben Hansen, Julie Marsh, Mònica Guxens, John W. Holloway, Harald Grallert, Vincent W.V. Jaddoe, William L Lowe, Theano Roumeliotaki, Andrew T Hattersley, Virpi Lindi, Katja Pahkala, Kalliope Panoutsopoulou, Marie Standl, Claudia Flexeder, Luigi Bouchard, Ellen Aagard Nohr, Loreto Santa Marina, Manolis Kogevinas, Harri Niinikoski, George V. Dedoussis, Joachim H Heinrich, Rebecca M Reynolds, Timo Lakka, Eleftheria Zeggini, Olli T. Raitakari, Leda Chatzi, Hazel M Inskip, Mariona Bustamante Pineda, Marie-France Hivert, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Thorkild IA Sørensen, Craig Pennell, Janine F. Felix, Bo Jacobsson, Frank Geller, David M Evans, Debbie A Lawlor, Early Growth Genetics (EGG) consortium

Posted 14 Mar 2017
bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/116434 (published DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.248)

Background: Clinical recommendations to limit gestational weight gain (GWG) imply high GWG is causally related to adverse outcomes in mother or offspring, but GWG is the sum of several inter-related complex phenotypes (maternal fat deposition and vascular expansion, placenta, amniotic fluid and fetal growth). Understanding the genetic contribution to GWG could help clarify the potential effect of its different components on maternal and offspring health. Here we explore the genetic contribution to total, early and late GWG. Participants and Methods: A genome-wide association study was used to identify maternal and fetal variants contributing to GWG in up to 10,543 mothers and up to 16,317 offspring of European origin, with replication in 10,660 mothers and 7,561 offspring. Additional analyses determined the proportion of variability in GWG from maternal and fetal common genetic variants and the overlap of established genome-wide significant variants for phenotypes relevant to GWG (e.g. maternal BMI and glucose, birthweight). Results: We found that approximately 20% of the variability in GWG was tagged by common maternal genetic variants, and that the fetal genome made a surprisingly minor contribution to explaining variation in GWG. We were unable to identify any genetic variants that reached genome-wide levels of significance (P<5x10-8) and replicated. Some established maternal variants associated with increased BMI, fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes were associated with lower early, and higher later GWG. Maternal variants related to higher systolic blood pressure were related to lower late GWG. Established maternal and fetal birthweight variants were largely unrelated to GWG. Conclusion: We found a modest contribution of maternal common variants to GWG and some overlap of maternal BMI, glucose and type 2 diabetes variants with GWG. These findings suggest that associations between GWG and later offspring/maternal outcomes may be due to the relationship of maternal BMI and gestational diabetes with GWG.

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